Thoroughbred Horse: Breed Profile — History, Care, Traits, Training & More

The Thoroughbred is one of the world’s most iconic horse breeds celebrated for its unmatched speed, elegant build, and fiery, athletic temperament. Best known for its dominance in horse racing, the Thoroughbred’s influence reaches far beyond the track. Today, it excels in disciplines like eventing, dressage, show jumping, and pleasure riding.

This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know about the Thoroughbred, from its origins and temperament to health, care, grooming, and how to responsibly buy or adopt one.

History and Origins

The Thoroughbred’s story begins in 17th–18th century England, where breeders aimed to create a horse capable of extraordinary speed and endurance. This mission shaped the modern Thoroughbred through very selective breeding.

The Three Foundation Sires

According to The Jockey Club, all registered Thoroughbreds today trace their lineage to three stallions imported into England:

1. The Byerly Turk

Captured during the Ottoman wars and brought to England around 1680, this stallion contributed agility, stamina, and courage.

2. The Darley Arabian

Imported in 1704 by Thomas Darley, this Arabian stallion is often credited with giving the breed its refined frame and explosive speed.

3. The Godolphin Arabian

Acquired in France and later brought to England, he passed on strength, endurance, and a powerful hindquarter structure.

Early Development and Growth

British breeders paired these sires with native mares, producing foals that excelled on early racetracks. As racing became a formal sport, the need for accurate pedigree tracking led to the creation of The General Stud Book in 1791.

Thoroughbreds spread across Europe and the United States in the 1700s–1800s, shaping the identity of racing in both regions. The establishment of The Jockey Club (U.S.) in 1894 further standardized the breed.

Influence on Other Breeds

Thoroughbreds have had a massive impact on modern equine genetics. They contributed to the development of:

• American Quarter Horses
• Standardbreds
• Warmblood sport horses (Hanoverian, Dutch Warmblood, Holsteiner)
• Appendix Quarter Horses

Their refinement, speed, and athleticism remain some of the most sought-after traits in equine breeding.

Breed Size, Height & Physical Build

Thoroughbreds have a distinct, athletic physique designed for speed and performance.

Height and Weight

• Height: 15.2 to 17 hands (average around 16 hh)
• Weight: 1,000 to 1,200+ pounds

Their height varies depending on bloodline and whether they are bred for sprinting or distance racing.

Physical Build

Thoroughbreds typically have:

• A long, elegant neck
• Deep chest for strong lung capacity
• Long legs with refined bone
• Prominent withers
• Strong hindquarters for propulsion
• A short, strong back
• A fine, silky coat

Their natural gait is long and light, contributing to their famous smooth gallop.

Speed and Athletic Capability

Thoroughbreds are among the fastest horses in the world.
Top recorded speed: 55 mph (88.5 km/h) achieved by Winning Brew in 2008.

Their biomechanics include:

• Long strides
• Powerful hind-end drive
• Flexible shoulder movement
• Efficient respiratory system

These traits explain their dominance in racing and jumping sports.

Colors and Markings

Thoroughbreds appear in a range of solid colors recognized by The Jockey Club.

Common Coat Colors

• Bay (most common)
• Chestnut
• Black
• Brown
• Gray

Less Common Colors

• Roan (very rare)
• Sabino patterns
• Rabicano ticking
• White (extremely rare) — produced by specific dominant white mutations

Markings

White facial and leg markings are common:

• Blazes
• Stars
• Strips
• Snips
• Stockings
• Socks

These markings are often used to identify individual horses.

Personality & Unique Breed Characteristics

Thoroughbreds are classified as hot-blooded horses, meaning they are energetic, sensitive, and alert.

Temperament Traits

• Highly intelligent
• Quick learners
• Sensitive to rider cues
• Strong work ethic
• Forward-moving and energetic
• Can be anxious or reactive

Suitability for Different Riders

Thoroughbreds often excel with:

• Intermediate riders
• Advanced riders
• Riders with soft hands and balanced seat
• Owners who understand sensitive breeds

They may not be the best choice for:

• Complete beginners
• Riders who prefer slow, steady horses
• People with limited time for consistent training

Typical Behavior Examples

• They respond instantly to rein or leg pressure
• They can be “looky” or alert in new environments
• Many OTTBs need a transition from racetrack routines to leisure riding
• They thrive with mental stimulation and daily exercise

Common Uses & Training (Racing and Beyond)

Thoroughbreds were originally bred for racing, but today they shine in many disciplines.

Racing

The breed dominates:

• Flat racing
• Steeplechase
• Long-distance racing

Their explosive speed and heart make them natural competitors.

Performance Sports

Thoroughbreds excel in:

• Eventing — stamina, agility, bravery
• Show Jumping — scope and speed
• Dressage — sensitivity to aids
• Hunter classes
• Endurance riding

Many Olympic-level eventers are Thoroughbreds or Thoroughbred crosses.

Off-Track Thoroughbreds (OTTBs)

When racehorses retire (often between ages 3–7), they begin second careers.

Retraining Challenges

• Learning to balance without racing frame
• Slowing down transitions
• Desensitization to leg pressure
• Adapting to turnout life
• Developing muscle for collection

Success Stories

Many OTTBs become:

• Competition horses
• Trail partners
• Therapy horses
• Lesson horses (for advanced students)

Organizations like Retired Racehorse Project (RRP) highlight how adaptable and talented they are outside racing.

Diet and Nutrition

Thoroughbreds have high metabolic needs and burn calories quickly.

Forage First

A typical Thoroughbred diet includes:

• High-quality hay (Timothy, Orchard, Alfalfa mixes)
• Fresh grass if available
• Minimum 1.5–2% of body weight in forage daily

Concentrates

Due to their metabolism and athletic lifestyle, many require caloric support:

• Oats
• Pelleted feeds
• Commercial performance feeds
• Fat supplements (rice bran, oils)

Supplements (Vet-Guided)

• Electrolytes
• Vitamin E
• Joint supplements
• Gastric support for ulcer-prone horses

Gastric Ulcers

According to veterinary references (AAEP), Thoroughbreds especially racehorses have a high incidence of ulcers due to:

• Intense exercise
• Stress
• Low forage diets at the track

Feeding more forage and reducing stress can significantly help.

Examples of Feeding Challenges

• OTTBs may be underweight when adopted
• Some struggle with digestive sensitivity
• Others require slow feeders to manage anxiety

Health & Behavior Problems

Like all breeds, Thoroughbreds have some genetic and lifestyle-related health vulnerabilities.

Common Issues

1. Leg and Bone Injuries

Due to intense racing careers and refined bone, they may experience:

• Fractures
• Tendon strains
• Ligament injuries

2. Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH)

Occurs during extreme exertion; bleeding in the lungs is seen in some racehorses.

3. Heart Abnormalities

Rare but documented by equine cardiovascular studies.

4. Thin Hoof Walls

Many Thoroughbreds have:

• Soft soles
• Weak heels
• Cracked hooves

This demands regular farrier care.

5. Skin Sensitivity

Thoroughbreds have thin skin, making them prone to:

• Girth rubs
• Saddle sores
• Fly irritation

6. Behavioral Issues

Especially in OTTBs transitioning from the track:

• Weaving
• Stall walking
• Fence pacing
• Sensitivity to pressure
• Anxiety around feeding time

Experience Insight

Many Thoroughbreds require a decompression period after leaving racing. Gradual turnout and slow introduction to new routines significantly reduce stress.

Grooming and Handling Tips

Thoroughbreds thrive with consistent grooming and gentle handling.

Brushing

• Use soft brushes due to thin skin
• Avoid excessive pressure with curry combs
• Daily grooming helps detect injuries early

Hoof Care

• Clean hooves daily
• Farrier every 4–6 weeks
• Consider hoof supplements for weak walls

Coat Care

• Frequent bathing in summer
• Proper drying in cooler months
• Clippers may be needed for winter training
• Fly sheets help sensitive horses in summer

Handling Tips

• Use calm, consistent body language
• Avoid sudden loud noises
• Reward relaxation
• Gentle rein pressure and soft hands are essential

Notable Thoroughbred Horses (Racing & Non-Racing)

Secretariat (1973 Triple Crown Winner)

Holds records in all three Triple Crown races; considered one of the greatest racehorses of all time.

Man o’ War

Dominated early 20th-century racing; won 20 of his 21 starts.

Seabiscuit

Undersized but legendary his success during the Great Depression made him a cultural hero.

The Green Monkey

Sold for a record-breaking $16 million at auction.

Messenger

Foundation sire of the Standardbred breed, shaping modern harness racing.

Is the Thoroughbred Right for You?

Thoroughbreds can make exceptional partners, but they are not for everyone.

Ideal Owners

• Intermediate and advanced riders
• Competitors in jumping, eventing, or dressage
• Riders who enjoy energetic, sensitive horses
• Owners with time for regular exercise and training

Not Ideal For

• First-time horse owners
• Riders wanting a slow, steady horse
• People with limited time
• Owners unable to provide consistent routines

Strengths

• Highly athletic
• Trainable with the right approach
• Versatile across many sports
• Deep bond with experienced riders

Challenges

• Sensitive to stimuli
• Prone to stress
• Requires experienced handling
• Health issues may arise from past racing careers

How to Adopt or Buy a Thoroughbred

Adoption Programs

Many organizations rehome OTTBs responsibly:

• New Vocations
• Thoroughbred Aftercare Alliance
• Retired Racehorse Project (RRP)
• CANTER USA

Adoption fees range from $500 to $2,000+, depending on training and soundness.

Buying from Private Sellers

Prices vary widely:

• Young prospects: $3,000–$15,000
• Proven racers: $10,000–$100,000+
• Sport Thoroughbreds: $8,000–$40,000+

What to Ask Sellers

• Racing history
• Past injuries
• Veterinary records
• Temperament under saddle
• Experience outside racing
• Reason for selling

Importance of a Pre-Purchase Exam

An equine vet can evaluate:

• Soundness
• Heart and lungs
• Flexion tests
• X-rays for old injuries

This protects buyers from long-term health risks.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. Are Thoroughbreds good beginner horses?

Generally, no. Their sensitivity and energy make them better suited to intermediate or experienced riders. However, some well-trained older Thoroughbreds can be beginner-friendly with supervision.

2. How fast can a Thoroughbred run?

The fastest recorded Thoroughbred sprint reached 55 mph. Most race between 35–45 mph depending on distance and conditioning.

3. How long do Thoroughbreds live?

With proper care, Thoroughbreds live 25–30 years, though former racehorses may need special management as they age.

4. What do Thoroughbreds eat?

They require high-quality forage and performance feeds to support their metabolism. Many also benefit from fat supplements and ulcer-prevention diets.

5. Are OTTBs safe for kids?

OTTBs typically are not ideal for young children unless they have extensive retraining and very calm temperaments.

6. Why are Thoroughbreds considered hot-blooded?

They were bred for speed and alertness, making them more reactive and sensitive compared to cold-blooded or draft breeds.

7. Can Thoroughbreds be kept barefoot?

Some can, but many require shoes due to thin hoof walls. Consult a farrier to decide based on hoof health and terrain.

8. What disciplines do Thoroughbreds excel in?

Beyond racing, they are excellent in jumping, eventing, dressage, fox hunting, and endurance activities.

Conclusion

The Thoroughbred is a remarkable breed fast, intelligent, sensitive, and versatile. Whether competing at high levels or retraining for a second career, Thoroughbreds form deep connections with riders who understand their unique needs.

Their care requires diligence, patience, and consistent routines, but the reward is a loyal, athletic partner with exceptional heart and work ethic.

Always consult an equine veterinarian or professional trainer for personalized guidance, especially when working with OTTBs transitioning from racetrack life.